Many children are willing to make personal sacrifices to punish wrongdoers — and even more so if they believe punishment will teach the transgressor a lesson, a new Yale study published in the journal Nature Human Behaviour shows.
Philosophers and psychologists have argued whether the primary reason people punish others for poor behavior would be to enact retribution or to impart a moral lesson. In adults, most studies reveal the answer is that people have both reasons. But what about children, who are not as steeped in societal values?
“Children are less exposed to social ideas about how to behave in certain ways,” said first author Julia Marshall, who conducted the research in the lab of Molly Crockett, assistant professor of psychology at Yale and senior author of the paper. “We wanted to know if children are interested in punishing others because they want wrongdoers to pay, because they want to teach bad actors a lesson, or a combination of both.”
For the research, Marshall, Crockett, and Yale postdoctoral fellow Daniel Yudkin tracked the answers of 251 children between the ages of 4 and 7 who watched a movie of a child tearing up another child’s art work.
The children first needed to decide whether to punish the art destroyer by taking away their iPad. However, if the children decided to punish the transgressor, then they would need to make a personal sacrifice — their very own iPad will be locked away.
The researchers divided the children into two classes. The first group was told that if they chose”retributive” punishment, the wrongdoer could lose use of the iPad but wouldn’t be told . The second group was told if they punished the wrongdoer he or she would be told it had been for ripping the drawing up, what investigators called the “communicative” condition.
About one-quarter of children (26 percent) in the first group determined to punish the transgressor even after being told they would eliminate use of the own iPad. “Retribution is a driving force in young children’s moral judgement,” said Marshall.
However, children in the second category, who knew that the wrongdoer would be told why he or she was being disciplined, were 24 percent more likely to punish than the first group.
“The opportunity to teach a wrongdoer a lesson motivates children to punish over and above the desire to see them suffer for their actions,” Crockett said.
“Children seem equipped at an early age with both a desire for punishers to receive their just deserts, and a desire to have them improve their behavior for next time,” said Marshall, who is now a postdoctoral researcher at Boston College.
Crockett added: “Despite having a taste for retribution, young children also value the social benefits that punishment can bring. How social learning impacts the balance of retributive and forward-looking motives for punishment is an important avenue for future study.”
“The opportunity to teach a wrongdoer a lesson motivates children to punish over and above the desire to see them suffer for their actions,” Crockett said.
“Children seem equipped at an early age with both a desire for punishers to receive their just deserts, and a desire to have them improve their behavior for next time,” said Marshall, who is now a postdoctoral researcher at Boston College.
Crockett added: “Despite having a taste for retribution, young children also value the social benefits that punishment can bring. How social learning impacts the balance of retributive and forward-looking motives for punishment is an important avenue for future study.”
Source: https://www.yale.edu/